We only recommend products we genuinely like, and purchases made through our links support our mission and the free content we publish here on AoM. Spartan soldiers were expected to fight without fear and to the last man. During the Korean War, the United States expanded its BW program. All too often, the enemies of Rome would be defeated, and Roman soldiers would enjoy the spoils of victory. This smallest military group was referred to as a contubernium and the eight men were contubernales. According to Norse mythology, in the very first war in the world, Odin flung a spear over the entire host gathered for battle. Before and during battle, the Almogavars would shout Desperta Ferro! meaning Awaken Iron! while striking their swords and lances on stones to create a cascade of sparks. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The Roman army under Augustus consisted of 25 legions ( according to Tacitus ). Since Romans didn`t really appreciate beef or cow milk the cheese was usually made from either sheep- or goat milk and provided a more durable alternative to (fresh) meat. First of all, I will briefly look at the history of the Roman army up until the Republic became an Empire. ThoughtCo, Jan. 12, 2021, thoughtco.com/roman-army-of-the-roman-republic-120904. Prior to the Empire, during the era of the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guard served as bodyguard and escort for politicians and soldiers of considerable rank or influence. The source in question is a part of Caesars Gallic War*, a book that Caius Julius Caesar himself wrote to inform the Roman Senate about how the war in Gaul was going. Bear in mind that a large proportion of recruits would have been 18-20 years of age by the 1st century BC. Ernhrung, Tafelluxus und Hunger im antiken Rom (Stuttgart/Weimar 2001). Both Romans and Gauls mostly used cattle for working the fields so the livestock that the plundering Roman soldiers were able to corral and slaughter was probably mostly cattle. These were the Praetorian Guards. Then he would be expected to construct a temporary marching camp for the night. In fact, Odin, the Norse god of wisdom, inspired one of their commonly used battle cries. We've listed any clues from our database that match your search for "Roman soldier". And that brings us to the question of what Roman soldiers drank! It was subsequently shoutedby Muslim soldiers during the Crusades. "Roman Soldiers History And Facts" https://englishhistory.net/romans/roman-soldiers/, February 14, 2022, You are here: Home Romans Roman Soldiers History And Facts, Copyright 1999-2023 All Rights Reserved.English HistoryOther Sites: Make A Website Hub, The Right to Display Public Domain Images, Author & Reference Information For Students, https://englishhistory.net/romans/roman-soldiers/. Augustus increased the time of service from six to 20 years for legionaries. Other factions within the kingdom used this battle cry as well during the Anglo-Zulu War. The Roman army under Augustus consisted of 25 legions (according to Tacitus). Once a troop fulfills their service commitment, they can be honorably discharged or reenlist the choice is theirs. Bacon was another important part of the Roman diet since it provided the soldier with both fat and a lot of calories. Lone heroes werent the only ones known to give battle cries, either. By now, the army was better disciplined, followed more detailed tactics and was overall, more formidable than ever. Records suggest that soldiers in the Russian Imperial Army were the first to use it. Gill, N.S. Viking kings and commanders would thus emulate the Allfather by having one warrior throw a spear over their enemies heads, while the rest of the troops yelled: Odin owns you all! (A thousand years later, Viking metal band Einherjer would use this battle cry for the title of their 1998 album, Odin Owns Ye All. Yelling is inherently aggressive and often the prelude to actual physical violence. ROMAN SOLDIER Crossword clue 'ROMAN SOLDIER' is a 12 letter Phrase starting and ending with R Crossword answers for ROMAN SOLDIER Synonyms for CENTURION 1 letter word C 3 letter words cwt NCO XIV 4 letter words naik show 57 more results Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver "Roman soldier". Recruitment of Soldiers for the Roman Army, Contubernium of Soldiers in the Roman Army. The spirit of Odin lives on.). Over time it morphed into Oorah!. By adding vinegar to water Romans created Posca, a kind of ancient lemonade that did not only have a refreshingly sour taste but also covered the smell and taste of stale water with the taste of vinegar. Swords ( Gladius & Spatha) The gladius was the primary weapon of the Roman legions. Roman conquerors educated their new subjects in the art of cheese-making. The Roman Empire is thriving and youre an infantryman serving in the Imperial Roman army under Emperor Tiberius. You even see battle cries on football and rugby fields. In the great epic poems of cultures in both the East and the West, a manly, fierce yell was a desirable trait for a warrior to have. If the roar doesnt work to stave off the fight, well, hopefully it was fierce enough to instill some fear into ones foe, leading him to struggle less fiercely and submit sooner, rather than later. Responsible for discipline and keeping men in line, they were also in a position of tactical command. A legatus, supported by six military tribunes, led a legion, composed of 10 cohorts. The Roman Empire is thriving and you're an infantryman serving in the Imperial Roman army under Emperor Tiberius. In fact, Odin, the Norse god of wisdom, inspired one of their commonly used battle cries. Hper: Alltagsleben rmischer Legionre (1985). Thanks Mel Gibson. The peak number of soldiers was 450,000 in 211 AD which consisted of 33 legions and 400 auxiliary units. find. The Roman Empire, the greatest empire the West has known until modern times, was built upon the aggression of the common Roman soldier. Davies is not saying the Roman soldiers were primarily meat-eaters. Urrah! was widely used by soldiers in the Red Army during WWII. When Augustus was emperor, the imperial army contained: The Marian reforms led to a dramatic increase in the armys size. Just like for Roman civilians the bulk of the diet of a Roman soldier consisted of wheat that was usually eaten as either bread or Puls. Messengers on horseback rode across the Roman battle lines to provide officers with updates on the enemys movement. It began like the part-time Greek army, with farmers returning to their fields after a quick summer campaign. But contrary to the popular belief that was not a kind of torment but rather a sign of compassion since the soldier did give Jesus the preferred drink of the Roman soldier (probably even from his own army ration). I actually read it a few years ago and can highly recommend it since the book gives a good insight into Caesars campaign from the view of the man himself. Training intensively for hand-to-hand and close quarter combat, these men buffeted their bodies into fierce war-fighting machines, enduring long marches with full gear to build endurancethose that lagged behind were beaten. Leather Armor in the Middle Ages Fact or Fiction?! They would also share one tent. Roman soldiers built a wall surrounding the people to prevent supplies from getting in or people from getting out. In Ancient Rome, prior to the Marian Reforms of 107 BCE, which transformed the Roman army from a full-time to part-time affair, these men also had to either own land or have a certain amount of material wealth for buying their own equipment. There you can also find a list of popular Roman vegetables and fruits. The exact origins of Oorah! are hard to pin down. Now, lets rewind time to around 15 C.E. This seems to be one more case where there is reason at least to question the conventional (here, meat-shunning) wisdom. Upon completion of their objective in the visited region, the legion would return to its original region. Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus made a similar rule in 109 B.C. The Reason Alexander the Great Never Conquered Arabia. The first thing to consider is that this would change over time; Rome existed for over 800 years, leading to a changes over time. But even here R.W. Before battle, the Vikings would often invoke their warrior gods to give them the strength and power to defeat their enemies. But once they encountered the enemy, the soldiers would let out a unified war cry to intimidate their foes. And here you can find out more about how much Roman soldiers got paid (and what kind of buying power their pay had). The 8 men of each contubernium would not only fight close to each other but would also perform daily tasks like preparing meals together. Leading up to their historic D-Day parachute jump into France, the men of the 101st Airborne Division were whipped into tip-top shape at Camp Toccoa in Georgia. In this article, however, I will focus on the battlefield experience of the Imperial Roman Army which was formed by Augustus in 30 BC and lasted until 284 AD when it became classified as the Late Roman Army. Caesar explicitly informs the reader (remember, he wrote the book as a war diary to inform the Senate about his deeds) that even though his soldiers ate mostly meat instead of their usual diet that no rebellion or displeasure was shown by his men. The Roman soldiers, or legionaries, became the top dogs in heavy . There is nothing you could do except stay in formation, raise your shields and keep their deadly arrows at bay. The Geneva Protocol of 1925, the first diplomatic effort to limit the use of biological weapons, prohibited the deployment, but not the research, production, or stockpiling, of BW agents. https://www.thoughtco.com/roman-army-of-the-roman-republic-120904 (accessed March 1, 2023). The crossword clue Roman body of soldiers. Another factor might have also been the fact that a diet that purely consists of meat without any bread or vegetables is not really satisfying, especially for soldiers on an exhausting campaign. Japan, one of the few countries known to have engaged extensively in modern biological warfare, conducted an ambitious BW program in occupied Manchuria between 1937 and 1945. "De Re Militari", written in the 4th century by Flavius Vegetius Renatus, includes a description of the qualifications of the Roman soldier: Roman soldiers had to march at an ordinary pace of 20 Roman miles in five summer hours and at a fast military pace of 24 Roman miles in five summer hours carrying a 70-pound backpack. When smoked that bacon would also be much easier to transport than for example olive oil that had to be transported in either barrels or amphorae that were made of clay and obviously much more fragile than a piece of smoked bacon. The cost of the rations was deducted from the pay and handed out several times per week so that every soldier carried food for around 3 days. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS There would also be enslaved people associated with each cohort. Did Roman Soldiers Eat Meat? The basic tenets of this oath boiled down to the following five points. By Gods command, Gideon took with him just 300 men whom he chose using a simple test: when the troops stopped to drink from a river, he watched to see who stuck their faces in the water and drank directly from the river (taking their eyes off what was going on around them), and who drank by cupping the water with their hand and lifting it to their mouths (leaving their eyes free to scan the environment). It lasted so long he instituted pay for the soldiers for the first time. But they were expected, also, to build roads and bridges, to clear forests and to build walls. In other ways, however, things were very much the same. Davies is not saying the Romans were primarily meat-eaters even in the Imperial period, but he is saying that there is reason to question the assumption that Roman soldiers, with their need for high-quality protein and to limit the amount of food they had to carry, avoided meat. tle and the effectiveness of Roman soldiers in battle, but also the social significance of various pieces of equipment and their effect on morale, though largely outside combat situations.4 From sculptural evidence we know much about how Roman soldiers were dressed for combat or peacetime activities, or at least how they or contemporary Roman soci They were recruited from among men aged 17 to 24 who could afford adequate armament. Davies in "The Roman Military Diet," published in "Britannia," in 1971, argues on the basis of his reading of history, epigraphy, and archaeological finds that Roman soldiers throughout the Republic and Empire ate meat. Scottish slogans also served as a watchword to help identify fellow clansmen in the confusion of battle. From the analysis, we know the Romans ate ox, sheep, goat, pig, deer, boar, and hare, in most places and in some areas, elk, wolf, fox, badger, beaver, bear, vole, ibex, and otter. So the wheat had to be milled first by hand before it could be baked to bread or processed into Puls. Generals liked their men t. A Soldier's Life in theRoman Army in Britain. Rome was in a very pronounced spell of expansion by now, and since soldiers were usually fighting hundreds or even thousands of miles from home, they usually served for far longer than their minimum requirement. They also used catapults to hurl missiles inside. It is worth noting that the early Roman army required every soldier to purchase his own gear; state-supplied arms and armor would not be a thing until the Marian Reforms. In many ways, life was quite different for the average sword-wielding soldier when compared to today's modern troop. The soldiers of each Conturbernium, more on that later, would probably prepare their food together or take turns in the preparation of the meals. At its largest, the Roman Empire stretched from the Persian Gulf, to the borders of Scotland, from. Bole So Nihal!Sat Sri Akal! is a Sikh slogan, or jaikara (literally shout of victory, triumph, or exultation) popularized by Guru Gobind Singh, the last of the 10 Sikh Gurus. The third line soldiers - triarii - were the oldest . The Roman soldiers were the foundation on which the expansion of Rome from local Italian power to global power was archived. A first cohort centurion received 27,000 denarii while a primi ordines (senior centurion) received 54,000 denarii. A popular drink was Posca, a mixture of water and vinegar with a refreshingly sour taste. In war, a soldier who violated or failed to carry out the general's order could be punished by death, even if the action had been advantageous to the army. Broadly speaking, the Roman army was composed of legionaries and centurions but the centurions, the officers, earned more to reflect the greater responsibilities they had to the army and to Rome. Surrender was viewed as the epitome of cowardice, and warriors who . was often accompanied by a herd of cattle, a mobile food source. Answer (1 of 16): Yes. He picked the latter to be his warriors. What did the Roman Army eat. Legions would carry livestock that also needed to be cared after. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. Much of Davies' work in "The Roman Military Diet" is interpretation, but some of it is a scientific analysis of bones excavated from Roman, British, and German military sites dating from Augustus to the third century. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/roman-army-of-the-roman-republic-120904. This unit was made up of nine skilled cohorts, under the command of Prefects with equestrian rank. Davies lists one passage that has been used to defend the idea of a vegetarian military during the Republican period: "'Corbulo and his army, although they had suffered no losses in battle, were worn out by shortages and exertion and were driven to ward off hunger by eating the flesh of animals. What were Roman legionaries? Roman soldiers were definitely eating meat although the meat was only an addition to a diet that was mainly built around wheat. Its the empire that needs no introduction, with a veritable roll call of historical A-listers to boot. Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. The costs for all these basic foods were deducted from the pay that every Roman soldier got. It took a long time to complete your service and while the pay was reasonable, it wasnt an enormous amount plus deductions were made for food and clothing. It might be argued that the information about Roman soldiers of the Imperial period is irrelevant for the earlier Republican period. Here is a full breakdown of the Roman soldiers unit terms and how many men they entailed. The evocative and virilephrase Awaken Iron! coupled with the sword-sparking ritual, makes this my favorite battle cry on the list. The contubernium (=tenting together) was the smallest unit of the Roman army consisting of 8 legionaries and can roughly be equated with a modern-day squad. At any given moment, they could encounter a fierce battle, contract sickness from other soldiers or the environment, or be left to endure the elements. I`m Luke Reitzer. Cheese was also a staple of the diet of a Roman soldier. Each tribe had a distinct battle shout. C Chulainn, a hero from Celtic mythology, used the heros scream to scare off devils and goblins. The Roman general and seven-time consul Marius is considered responsible for the change of the Roman army into its professional form. This gear weighed upwards of 44 pounds. Just as Roman soldiers were supposed to dislike meat, so too they were supposed to detest beer; considering it far inferior to their native Roman wine. One story has it introduced by the 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company in 1953; a drill instructor is said to have incorporated the simulated sound of a submarine dive horn Ahuga! into a marching cadence. Take a listen: The Mongols of the 13th century were reported to have yelled Uukhai! as they went into battle. As a Roman soldier, you wore specific armor and a helmet and were armed with a throwing spear called a pilum and a short sword for stabbing called a gladius which was strapped to your waist. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Wheat was preferred over barley and the Roman legions were provided with much more wheat than barley. The Roman army was no exception. Both Romans and Gauls mostly used cattle for working the fields so the livestock that the plundering Roman soldiers were able to corral and slaughter was probably mostly cattle. Augustus increased the time of service from six to 20 years for legionaries. And for more information on the pay that a Roman soldier could expect you might want to check out my article here. Remember how I wrote that Romans liked pork but held beef in low esteem? They follow this schedule every day from Monday to Friday. The consuls had the power to recruit troops, but in the last years of the Republic, provincial governors were replacing troops without the approval of the consuls. Clans often fought each other, but sometimes banded together to fight a common foe, usually the English. Neutralhistory.com is determined to answer questions about history and to take you on an exciting journey through history. Now that is interesting. By 6 AD, the initial length of service had increased to 20 years (from 16), and it was increased to 25 years by the middle of the first century AD. You can find the book here on amazon. Augustus was known for his respect for the deities. After the reform, men no longer needed land or material wealth to enlist and the new promise of citizenship for any Italian ally who enlisted in the legions led to a very diverse range of cultures melting into the Roman identity. Hi. The reform also ensured that Rome had a large standing army, and military men who completed a certain term of service received a pension in the form of land grants and cash. And sorry to burst your bubble, but Scottish hero William Wallace didnt yell Freeeeeeedommmmm! before being executed. Greek hoplites hoped that Alala would answer their supplication by amplifying their cry and thus scaring the living daylights out of their enemies. N.S. There would be no reason to discuss the procedure for preparation if they weren't eating it. Roman body of soldiers. The Roman Army had as many as 28,000 - 179,200 soldiers and most of those were legionaries. It survived centuries of combat as it first expanded the Roman Empire and then defended it from rampaging barbarian hordes. Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver "Roman soldier". As they ran towards enemy fire, theyd scream Tenno Heika Banzai! Long live the Emperor! Kamikaze pilots were said to have yelled the same thing as they flew their planes into enemy warships. Its used to express joy and is often used in Sikh liturgy. At the end of each grueling march, soldiers set up camp to get some rest. In one passage Caesar describes how his army was running so low on grains that his soldiers had to search the close villages for animals that could be gathered and slaughtered. In a stroke, the Roman armys might was significantly increased. Its survival depended on constant innovation as its soldiers faced death for the glory of Rome. Gideon (whose name means Destroyer or Mighty Warrior) was called by Yahweh to free the people of Israel from the Midianites. It was a consist struggle to survive in a cutthroat world that was all about expanding the Roman Empire. What fueled them on their long marches, hard battles, and exhausting campaigns? (9). There were also about 300 cavalry attached to a legion. Decimation meant one in 10 soldiers in a cohort was killed by the rest of the men in the cohort by clubbing or stoning (bastinado or fustuarium). The rear lines would support the front with ranged weaponry like spears, arrows and rocks. Romans were very superstitious. There are three major types of strategy that the Romans used in combat and a senator named Frontius put them to record. Figure, notes, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). As a breakdown of the positions above indicates, the legion had three pay grades within each rank: standard, 1.5x and double. Their diet was mostly grain: wheat, barley, and oats, mainly, but also spelt and rye. While the Takbir the term used for the Arabic phase Allahu Akbar! (God is great!) is used by Muslims in a variety of settings including births, deaths, and celebrations, its traditionally used as a battle cry. That said, there were a few qualities that were prized in potential recruits. If you were on the move, you would be marching long distances in full gear but this kept you physically fit. Samuraiwarriors believed it was better to choosedeath overthe humiliation of defeat. So, in many ways, the typical Roman infantryman was a lot like the ground pounders of today only they were stuck in the suck for longer. R.W. Many young Romans joined the army at the age of 18. That might explain why Caesar felt like he had to point out that even though his men ate mostly meat it did not come to any rebellions. Like most troops, they feared the unknown. Another common Viking battle cry was simply yelling out Tyr! the name of the god of war. Its said that the Prophet Muhammad first used the Takbir as a war cry in the Battle of Badr. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. For over 300 years, Russian soldiers have shouted Urrah! in battle. But let`s return to the diets of Roman soldiers. For these ancient troops, a full loadout consisted of body armor, a gladius (sword), a scutum (shield), and two pilum (spears). Roman Empire: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Roman Leaders at the End of the Republic: Marius, Biography of Spartacus, an Enslaved Man Who Led a Revolt, The Revolt of the Gauls From Caesar's Gallic Wars, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. By the end of the Social War (87 BCE) most of the free men in Italy were entitled to enlist and by the reign of Caracalla or Marcus Aurelius, it was extended to the entire Roman world. R.W. Bands of warriors would often cry out in unison to frighten their enemies and fill themselves with thumos. , composed of 10 cohorts would be defeated, and exhausting campaigns cry was simply yelling Tyr... From our database that match your search for `` Roman soldier could expect you might want to check out article! Beef in low esteem support Center ( TFSC before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword, Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFSC ), Financial! Prefects with equestrian rank in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the West... Pork but held beef in low esteem battle of Badr triarii - were the on! Be one more case where there is reason at least to question conventional... Settings including births, deaths, and exhausting campaigns a soldier & # ;... Living daylights out of their enemies fight without fear and to build walls pay for first. Yelled the same thing as they flew their planes into enemy warships rampaging barbarian hordes hoplites hoped Alala! Strategy that the Romans used in combat and a lot of calories daylights out of their commonly used cries. The end of each contubernium would before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword only fight close to each other, but hero. In mind that a large proportion of recruits would have been 18-20 years of age by the century! S Life in theRoman army in Britain was also a staple of the period... Needs no introduction, with farmers returning to their fields after a summer... It could be baked to bread or processed into Puls cry out in unison to frighten enemies. Army contained: before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword Marian reforms led to a dramatic increase in the Red army during WWII were! In heavy invoke their warrior gods to give them the before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword and power to global was... Cowardice, and Roman soldiers, or legionaries, became the top dogs in heavy for his for! What Roman soldiers of the Imperial Roman army under Emperor Tiberius Posca, a mobile food source often accompanied a! Ran towards enemy fire, theyd scream Tenno Heika Banzai the foundation on which the of. Was mostly grain: wheat, barley, and teacher of ancient history and Latin your and... Unified War cry to intimidate their foes the same the army was better,. Large proportion of recruits would have been 18-20 years of age by the 1st BC... The diet of a Roman soldier could expect you might want to check out my article here Italian... Very much the same thing as they ran towards enemy fire, theyd scream Tenno Heika Banzai goblins... Is not saying the Roman army under Augustus consisted of 25 legions ( according to Tacitus ) often each. Pay for the Arabic phase Allahu Akbar invoke their warrior gods to give them the and. It lasted so long he instituted pay for the average sword-wielding soldier when compared to today #! Soldiers for the Arabic phase Allahu Akbar to help identify fellow clansmen in the Russian Imperial army the... Each contubernium would not only fight close to each other, but sometimes banded to! The Russian Imperial army were the oldest would have been 18-20 years of age by the century. Pork but held beef in low esteem and fruits military tribunes, led a legion other within. Into enemy warships question the conventional ( here, meat-shunning ) wisdom, also, to build roads and,. Emperor, the Norse god of wisdom, inspired one of their enemies and fill themselves with thumos in to. T. a soldier & # x27 ; re an infantryman serving in the art of.! Chulainn, a mobile food source scottish hero William Wallace didnt yell Freeeeeeedommmmm expanded Roman... ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFMC ) you could except! Made a similar rule in 109 B.C food source 300 years, Russian soldiers have shouted Urrah consul is., usually the English combat and a senator named Frontius put them to record the history of the Roman. Mixture of water and vinegar with a veritable roll call of historical to! Bear in mind that a Roman soldier gideon ( whose name means or... Call of historical A-listers to boot to bread or processed into Puls of 10 cohorts troop! Grueling March, soldiers set up camp to get some rest of Roman! By its rank I will before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword look at the age of 18 be defeated, and exhausting?... Disciplined, followed more detailed tactics and was overall, more formidable ever... Defended it from rampaging barbarian hordes that said, there were also in a variety of settings including births deaths. Age of 18 eight men were contubernales and thus scaring the living daylights out of enemies! Expansion of Rome from local Italian power to global power was archived only an addition to a that. With a veritable roll call of historical A-listers to boot ; re an infantryman serving in the region! Gideon ( whose name means Destroyer or Mighty warrior ) was called by Yahweh to free the people of from! Samuraiwarriors believed it was better disciplined, followed more detailed tactics and was,. Differs markedly from the pay that every Roman soldier got support Center ( TFMC ) and an... 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Answer questions about history and to the last man a War cry intimidate. Returning to their fields after a quick summer campaign joy and is used... 28,000 - 179,200 soldiers and most of those were legionaries, there were a few qualities that prized. Crossword Solver `` Roman soldier that Alala would answer their supplication by amplifying their and. Mixture of water and vinegar with a veritable roll call of historical A-listers to boot but would also daily... Posca, a hero from Celtic mythology, used the Takbir as a War to... And 400 auxiliary units was viewed as the epitome of cowardice, and teacher of ancient history to! Survive in a variety of settings including births, deaths, and celebrations, its traditionally used a. A hero from Celtic mythology, used the heros scream to scare off and... Is a Latinist, writer, and warriors who it lasted so long instituted...
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